Qada & Qasr

Salam alaikum, here is a continuation on our salah topic, hope you enjoy!
Making up for missed salah(Qada')
The scholars agree that it is obligatory  for one who has forgotten the salah or slept through its time to make up the missed prayer. This is based on the hadith of the prophet(SAW); There is no negligence while one is asleep but forgetfulness occurs when one is awake. If one of you forgets the prayer or sleep through its time, then he should perform the salah when he recalls it" if one falls unconscious then he need not repeat the salah unless there is enough time afterwards to purify himself and perform the salah within itz proper time.
Concerning missing a salah intentionally, majority of scholars say its a sin and the missed salah must be made up for. However there are different opinions on how it should  be done.
while some scholars are of the opinion that one cannot make up the salah intentionally missed until its time expires and such a person should turn to Allah, ask for forgiveness and inceease his good deeds and nawafil in order to increase his weight of good deeds on the day of judgment. Other scholars like Abu Hanifah, Malik and ash-Shaf'i are of the opinion that one can make up the prayer after its time has expired. one is to make up the missed prayers before he prayers the present prayers.
The difference in opinion is enough signal that it highly discouraged that one intentionally miss the salah and one should try as must as possible to ensure one salah is said at it time frame as there is no special reward for one who has said the prayer at the beginning of it time and towards later part as long as its still within the salah time frame.
The Prayer of a Traveller (Qasr)
Allah says in the  Quran "And when you go forth in the land there is no sin upon you if you shorten your prayer when you fear the disbelievers may attack you.Q4: 101
Hence every traveller's four rakat(Zuhr, asr and Isha) prayer may be shortened to two.The others should be said in full.
one may also perform the nawafil prayers as a traveller
If a traveller cannot find another traveller to lead him in the salah, he may pray by himself as it is disliked that he should follow one who is a resident and pray four rakat.

The Distance one must travel before shortening one's prayer
The conclusion  from the quranic verse is that any traveling be it long or short which falls within the linguistic definition of the word travel would suffice to shorten one's salah or to combine them.
If there is someone whose occupation requires him to always be traveling e.g a pilot, a ship captain, a truck driver and so on. then one is permitted to shorten his salah or break his fast as he is truly traveling.

For how long should one shorten the salat
The majority of scholars  are of the opinion that it is permissible  to shorten one's salah when one leaves one's residence and is outside of one's city, and that is a condition and he is not to resume his regular salah until he reaches the first houses of his city.
A traveler may shorten his salah as long as he is on a journey likewise if one have to stay in a place for business then one may shorten his salah as long as he is there. He remains as a traveler as long as he does not plan to stay (Reside and not return) in the place he has traveled to.
However the scholars differ on this point Imam Ahamed say: "if a person intends to stay for four days, he has to offer the whole salah and he may offer qasr if his intention is for less than that.but if one is staying in a place for the purpose of jihad imprisonment or sickness then one may shorten one's salah regardless of whether the person thinks the situation may last for long or short period.
Malik and ash-shafi say if one intends to stay for more than four days he should perform the whole salat and if he intends to stay for less than that he is to stay for less than that he is to offer qasr.
Abu Hanifah holds: If one intends to stay for fifteen days he should do the qasr, if he indends to stay for less than that he should not shorten the salah, this is also the opinion of al-Laith ibn sa'd
Sa'id ibn al Musayyab is of the opinion that if one stay four days, you pray four rakat
Al-Hassan says one who does  not get to his destination or city of residence may shorten salah.
The four imam agree that if one has some need to take care of and always have the intention of leaving the next day then he may shorten his salah as long as he is in that state.
Lastly Ibn al- Mundhir state in his ishraf."The people of knowledge are in agreement that a traveler may perform qasr as long as he does not intend to stay in a place, even though he stay there for years.

Combining Two Prayers
It is allowed for a person to combine the Zuhr and asr salah, or the mahgrib and isha prayer in the following circumstances.
1. During Hajj (At arafa and al-Muzdalifah)
2. During the salah during traveling
3. During the rain one can combine mahgrib and isha at the time of mahgrib, if one feel he can't make it to the mosque during the time of next salah cos of the rain.
4. combining the two prayers due to some illness or other excuses such as breastfeeding woman who will face hardship cleaning her dress for every salah (According to the hanbali school)
who is plagued by a prolonged flow of blood, for the person who cannot control his urine, for one who fears for his life, property or family.

Lastly Prayer on a ship train  or plane.
A salah on a ship train or plane is valid and not disliked for it makes life easier for the person performing it.

Here is our fanal post on salat, our next dawah topic will be on fasting in sha Allah.
Ma salam